The Moscow Mathematical Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian mathematics papyrus named the Golnyshchev Mathematical Papyrus, after its first owner, the Russian Egyptologist Vladimir Golnyshchev. Golenishkev bought the papyrus in 1892 or 1893 from Thebes. The papyrus entered the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts collection in Moscow and is still there today.
Depending on the science of calligraphy and the rules of hieratic writing, the papyrus text was most likely written during the Thirteenth Dynasty and based on ancient materials used dating from the Twelfth Dynasty in Egypt around 1850 BC. The papyrus is 18 feet long and between 1 ½ and 3 inches wide. In 1930, the Soviet orientalist Vasily Vasilievich Struve divided the papyrus into 25 mathematical problems with their solutions. The Moscow Mathematical Papyrus is one of the most famous papyri, along with the Rend Mathematical Papyrus. The Moscow Papyrus is older than the Rend Papyrus, while the latter is larger.
The exercises in the Moscow Papyrus do not follow a particular order, and the solutions to the problems are less detailed than those in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus. The Moscow Papyrus defines some engineering problems, especially problems No. 10 and 14, calculating the surface area of ​​the hemisphere and the volume of the elliptical pyramid, respectively. In contrast, the rest of the problems are more common.
Exercises on the parts of the ship
They are issues number 2 and 3. One of the two problems calculates the length of the ship’s rudder, and the other calculates the length of its mast, knowing that it is equal to (one-third + five) the length of a piece of cedar wood that is 30 cubits long.
aha exercises
The idea of ​​the aha exercises is to calculate unknown quantities referred to as aha (now x) if you give the quantities and one or some of these quantities. The Rhind Papyrus also contains four exercises of this type. Exercises Nos. 1, 19, and 25 are the aha exercises in the Moscow Papyrus. For example, problem 19 is how to calculate a quantity one and a half times added to 4 so that the result is 10 (modern mathematical expression: 3/2 x + 4 = 10)
Baku exercises
Exercises No. 11 and 23 are the Baku exercises, which calculate the productivity of workers. Exercise No. 11 asks if a worker can bring 100 pieces of wood measuring 5 x 5. How many 4 x 4 pieces of wood can he bring? Problem No. 23 Calculates the productivity of a shoemaker, knowing that he must cut and decorate the sandals.
engineering exercises
Seven of the twenty-five exercises are geometry exercises. The level of exercises ranges from calculating the area of ​​a triangle to calculating the surface area of ​​a hemisphere (Problem 10) and finding the volume of a minus pyramid (Problem 14)
There are also many mathematics papyri
Papyrus Rend (British Museum)
Berlin Papyrus 6619 (Berlin Museum)
The Egyptian Sports Leather Roll (British Museum)
Papyrus Cahon (University College London)