The ancient Egyptian use of lamps in some cities that did not live for long periods, which indicates the use of lamps in household lighting, and the most important of these cities are the city of (Lahoun), (Deir al-Madina) and (Tal al-Amarna), where many small pots were found in the houses of Tel el-Amarna. As lamps.

The ancient Egyptian left us with scenes of lamps pictured on one of the tombs of Tell el-Amarna, which are imitations of the lamps that they used in homes and palaces, where the royal family in Tell el-Amarna were photographed in similar views as they were eating dinner in the royal palace. Possible

There is a unique view in Cemetery No. 99 in the Cemetery of Sheikh Eid al-Qurna in Western Thebes from the era of King Thutmose III to its owner (Sin Nefri), representing a girl arranging the bed by candlelight, similar to what she used to do in her worldly life, and the ancient Egyptian peasant did not return from The field came to his home, as it is now, except when the night falls. He found his wife waiting for him, and the house was lit for him. A paragraph was mentioned in the story of the two brothers dating back to the era of the modern state.

(She did not put water on his hand as usual, and it did not light up in front of him, and his house was in darkness.) (Yanbu) the elder brother in the story felt a sense of a disaster when he returned and did not find his wife had lit the house.

In the era of Ramesses, we find a teacher urging his pupil to write by day and read at night, “Spend the day writing with your fingers to read at night.” This phrase indicates the use of lamps in studying during the night, as the strong daylight helps to have good vision and mastery of what is written because writing needs more light. Of reading, which was preferably done at night by the light of a lamp

The ancient Egyptians called torches several names and did not decide the communion except for three names (Takao – Khabas – Stat). These names were applied to torches and lamps from the era of ancient Egypt (the texts of the pyramids), and until the end of the ages of ancient Egypt, one word did not differentiate between the torch and the lamp. And he did not differ in the pronunciation of this word and its translation fundamentally, as some scholars, who are the majority, pronounce this word (tikka) already special in the meaning (to shine)

The inscriptions of the northern half of the eastern wall of the Great Pillar Hall in the Temple of Amun-Ra at Karnak depict the famous daily service of the temple five scenes of the torch and lighting of the temple. The torches and it is clear from the picture that the flame consists of a long piece of clean white linen and this piece is folded in the middle and these two lengths are twisted together and then dipped in new grease, and there is enough distance to carry this flame from it.

Among the old clothes, the workers of the cemetery used to make torches in large quantities and by themselves. For one of the extra-heavy pieces of the torch accounts, the phrase 700 pieces of old clothes were carried, and this is not strange, as the name of the cloth was explicitly mentioned as a specialized material for the lighting process since the Old Kingdom. The word “sash” was mentioned in the type (sta) intended for the lighting process. According to the light strength required to work inside the cemetery, these torches used to be lit one or more at a time. They are carried by workers during work or placed on the ground or a stone or in A skylight inside the wall and sometimes installed inside a cup or dish, and here Cherny sees it as a lamp and not a torch or a candle.

We refer to the lamp’s shape in its simplest case, which is a small dish and a vessel not deep that is filled with oil or fat and in which the garbage is placed either floating on the surface of the oil or fixed on the edge of the plate. The lamp took the lamp’s shape at its first beginning, a decorative lamp in the shape of a boat revealed by excavations ( Pierre Montet) in Abu Rawash, north of Giza, in Cemetery No. 8. It is made of red pottery with a wide rim and has a handle used as a handle on the one hand, and on the other hand, oil is poured from it when necessary. The whole lamp is decorated with straight lines decoration reminiscent of the decoration of pots in a civilization. The second Naqada and some of the old country lamps made of copper were distinguished by two or three clamps of the same material. The lamp is fixed with nails at the bottom of the plate. Perhaps the purpose of these clamps was to use them to fix the garbage, and perhaps there was also in each of these clamps wick. Thus On one floor, there are shrivels according to the number of clamps in it, and in the Louvre Museum, there is a group of lamps dating back to the Sixth Dynasty. They were found in the tomb of Minister (S) in Tell Edfu. They are lamps.

The ancient Egyptians were keen to develop their lamps in the Middle Kingdom, and they were designed so that they became more complex than the state lamps. One lamp had two openings, the first is a side slit equivalent to that protrusion on the edge of the pot, and the two types continued together with the side slit and the bulge. These lamps were made of pottery, and they kept entering. It had some improvements until the lamp became a vessel with a narrow spout from the top representing its neck. This narrow nozzle kept the oil clean and not exposed to dust, and it is similar to these types of lamps that were used in the Greek era in Egypt and may still be used today in some types currently used A large portion of this type of lamp is housed in the Metropolitan Museum.

The lamps of the Middle Kingdom were distinguished by the presence of a place inside the vessel surrounding the inner vessel that filled with water and filled the second with the oil. (Flinders Petri) attributed this to two reasons; the first is to make the lamp material continuously wet. The persistence of the lamp burning for a long time makes the pottery difficult for anyone to carry. The second reason The presence of water prevents oil leakage through the pores of the stone vessels. Its relative bulk also distinguished this vessel compared to the old and modern lamps of the two countries.

The ancient Egyptians used some vegetable oils and animal fats as fuel for their lamps, and the most important of these oils were castor oil, olive oil, fish oil, and some other oils. It was also used as fuel for lamps, buffalo fat and fish oil. Castor oil (Castor) mentioned castor as a type of fruit grown in Oil extracted from the fields, used in the lamps of almost all the country’s people, and the poor, both men and women, take paint and olive oil. (Engelbach) sees that olive oil does not produce dense soot when used as fuel in lamps, and then it was used a lot and used to light temple lamps and fish oil. According to (Hilk), according to the (sallier IV) papyrus that was used as fuel in lamps, and there is animal fat such as beef fat in the (Temple of King Nefer Erkara) funeral documents in Abu Sir as a material for lighting inside the temple, and it was calculated monthly by the measure. (Herodotus) mentioned that lamps The Egyptians were flat vessels filled with salt and oil, and perhaps the purpose was to reduce the proportion of soot produced by burning oil.