Islamic Egypt
Let’s talk about how Egypt became an Islamic country.
Before Islam, the people of Egypt were subordinate to the Byzantine state, living in oppression and persecution. Egyptian Christians who were on the doctrine of the principle of the unity of the divine nature of Christ were subjected to persecution by the Byzantines, who were on the doctrine of royalties, which is based on the principle of the dual nature of Christ.

Amr Ibn Al-Aas had visited Egypt before in his business, and when Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, assumed the caliphate, Amr approached him in the matter of conquest of Egypt more than once, until Omar agreed with him.

So he marched with an army of 4,000 men and crossed with them from Palestine to Al-Arish and passed through Bir Al-Masa’id until he reached Al-Farma, a small port on the sea called Pelusiun. There he met with the Roman garrison, and severe killing took place until the Muslims were victorious. Inside Egypt until they reached Belbeis in the Egyptian Delta in March 640 AD / Rabi` al-Awwal 19 AH.
And in Bilbeis, the Muslim army met with the Roman army led by Arteon, which the Arabs called Artaboun, and the Muslims won after a month-long battle and seized Bilbeis and then advanced to the Babylonian fortress. The fort had a large Roman garrison and was located in an area called the city of Egypt, an area of ​​farms of villages and gardens connected to the south with the city of Memphis in Giza on the west bank of the Nile. The fortress of Babylon was ver

y formidable, so he sent Amr ibn al-Aas to request extensions from Caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab.
Amr stayed in Fayoum to stock up on supplies and wait for the military advances from the Hejaz to besiege and storm the fortress. Al-Maddad arrived from Caliph Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, a strength of four thousand men, headed by four of the most senior companions: Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam, Muslimah bin Makhlid, Ubadah bin Al-Samit and Al-Miqdad bin Al-Aswad. Amr ibn al-Aas managed to arrange his ranks and meet the Roman army, which was estimated at 20 thousand soldiers. The two armies met in a major battle, Ain Shams, in 640 AD / 19 AH. Amr ibn al-Aas won a great victory, and the rest of the Roman army fled to the Babylon fortress.

Amr ibn al-Aas went with his army to the fortress of Babylon and besieged it for 7 consecutive months. Al-Muqawqis sent to Amr bin Al-Aas to negotiate with him, offering him a sum of money in return for the return of the Muslims to their country. Still, Amr bin Al-Aas refused and told him that there are only three qualities between you and us: Islam, tribute or fighting. The second part of the conquest of Egypt
Al-Muqawqis sent Amr bin Al-Aas to negotiate with him, offering him a sum of money in exchange for the return of the Muslims to their country. Still, Amr bin Al-Aas refused and said to him, “There is nothing between you and us but three things: Islam, the battle, or the fight.”

Al-Muqawqis indicated to the Roman garrison the surrender and peace. Still, the garrison refused, and the Roman Emperor Heraclius isolated Muqawqis from ruling Egypt, so the fighting renewed, and the Muslims tightened the siege on the fort. In April 641 AD, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam was able to climb the fort’s wall with a group of people. From the soldiers of the Muslims, and they grew up, the Romans thought that the Arabs stormed the fort, so they left the gates of the fortress and fled inside.
So the Muslims opened the gate of the fortress, and the Romans surrendered and asked for peace. Amr ibn al-Aas answered them in the year 641 AD / 20 AH.

After the fall of the fortress of Babylon, the Romans lost most of their positions in Egypt, but their prosperous capital, Alexandria, is still in their hands. Amr ibn al-Aas saw that Egypt would not be spared from the raids of the Romans as long as Alexandria remained in possession of the Romans. Hence, he headed his army to Alexandria and imposed a land siege on it for four months. Still, this siege was not feasible because the transportation between it and the Roman Empire by the sea would have remained open had it not been for the death of the Roman Emperor and the occurrence of sedition and unrest.

Omar Ibn Al-Aas decided to storm the city and entrusted Ubadah Ibn Al-Samit to do so. He succeeded in storming the city with his army. Al-Muqawqis came to Alexandria and signed the Treaty of Alexandria with Amr Ibn Al-Aas in the year 642 AD / 21 AH, which stipulated the end of the Byzantine rule over Egypt and Evacuating the Romans from it and paying tribute to Muslims two dinars per year for each person and exempting women, children and the elderly from it, and this is the morals of Islam.
According to the most likely opinion, the number of Egypt at that time ranged from six to eight million Copts. The number of obligated to pay the tribute was from one million to one million Copts.

Thus, Amr ibn al-Aas became the first Muslim ruler to rule Egypt
The third part of the conquest of Egypt and Amr ibn al-Aas

Amr ibn al-Aas takes over the rule of Egypt.
After completing the conquest of Egypt, Omar bin Al-Khattab, Amr bin Al-Aas, took over Egypt. And when the matter was settled in Alexandria, he returned to his tent at the fortress of Babylon. He built a capital for Egypt instead of Alexandria because Caliph Omar Ibn Al-Khattab ordered him to choose a capital that would not have water between him and him.
Amr ibn al-Aas chose a site near the Babylonian fortress, west of Jabal al-Mokattam, to build his new metropolis, and he named it Fustat, which means the tent. Fustat is the first Islamic capital
** The works of Amr Ibn Al-Aas in Egypt **
Al-Fustat continued to expand and prosper and became a centre of trade until Shawar, the minister of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Adid, burned it for fear of the Crusaders taking it over in 1168 AD.

Amr ibn al-Aas also built the first mosque in Egypt and Africa, the mosque of Amr ibn al-Aas in the centre of the city of Fustat in the year 642 CE / 21 AH. When the mosque was built for the first time, it had six doors and an unroofed courtyard, and its inner columns were made of palm tree trunks and its roof was made of leaves. Eight companions of the Companions, including Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam, Al-Miqdad bin Al-Aswad, Ubadah bin Al-Samit, Abu Al-Darda, and Abu Dhar Al-Ghafari, stood for the establishment of the Qiblah.

And, of course, the mosque of Amr Ibn Al-Aas has a history alone that we will talk about later.
Amr Ibn Al-Aas re-drilled the canal used to connect the Nile and the Red Sea, and he called it the Gulf of Prince of the Faithful Canal.

Many companions came to Egypt with Amr bin Al-Aas, and the people of Egypt received the new Islamic religion from them. Among these companions were Abdullah bin Amr bin Al-Aas, Al-Zubair bin Al-Awwam, Al-Miqdad bin Al-Aswad, Ubadah bin Al-Samit, and Abdullah bin Al-Aas. Omar bin Al-Khattab, and Muslimah bin Makhlad.
Fiqh lessons were given in Amr Mosque, and the listeners sat in a circle around the teacher who was sitting with his back against a pillar. The most famous of the Companions who learned about Egypt after the conquest is Abdullah bin Amr bin Al-Aas. He is considered the founder of the religious school of Egypt, as many of its people took from him.
Amr ibn al-Aas’s first mandate over Egypt lasted about four years until Othman ibn Affan removed him. But he will return to the state of Egypt during the era of the Umayyad Caliph Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan.

With this, he concluded the story of the conquest of Egypt and the establishment of the foundations of the Islamic state in it.